Unix command quick reference

Function.s             - A basic Unix hack guide -        	05/09/05.00

Function.s is a quick guide to various Unix commands.

Though mostly for Linux, 90% or more of these commands will work for ANY *NIX.

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Desktop Enviroments

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startx = Start a XFree86 X-windows enviroment [ Must be on the console ]

window = install a window enviroment

op= window enviroment; for Xenix Operating systems

openwin = Start X-windows on Linux

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On-line Help

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whatis = Whatis [cmd] = To give help on given command; Xenix

man = man [cmd] = to get instructions on any command
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Command Shells

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sh = enter the borne shell �$�

csh = enter the �c� shell �%�

ksh = enter the �k� Shell; �$�

tcsh = enter the �T� shell - a combination of the �k� and �c� shell

bash = enter the BASH shell - the ultimate combo of the Ksh and csh shell
su = superuser access - You need the ROOT password to gain access
screen - run multiple virtual logins under one login

splitvt - Run dual shells in one VT terminal session  (much like TALK) [Linux]
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File Maintenance

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l = list of breif files; Xenix

ll = most in-deapth listing of files in the current directory, date, chmod

ls = Basic deapth dir; ls -al  = find specific info on file

lf = list directories and executable files etc

lc = list a directory in colonm mode
ln = ln [s,h] - Create virtual directories to other directories on the machine

> �ln -s /user/s/fabian/csci57 /user/s/dranch/csci57?

unlink = to delete specific virtual links [ unlink  ]
cd [/dir] = to change into the specified directory

pwd = get the current directory

cp = copy files

rcp = rcp file user@host - Copy a file to a remote server

> �rcp .profile cscihp:�  This copies the local file .profile to the

> to your account on the machine �cscihp�

scp = similar to rcp but uses SSH to fully encrypt the traffic
rm = delete files

mv = move/rename files or directories [ mv  ]

copy = to copy contents of one directory to another

touch = to create a empty dummy file

rmdir = rmdir [directory] = remove a directory

mkdir = mkdir [directory] = make a directory

xcopy = full path to path copy utility ( cp can only do so much ) [Linux]

find = to locate a specific file

diff = to compare to files

whereis = [cmd] = find the path to a specific command;
du = du -m to display user�s and general disk usage

df = to determine free disk space
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File compression / Archiving

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bzip2 = BZIP2 compression (.bz2 extension)

gzip/gunzip = GNU ZIP compression (.gz extension)

compress = Compress a file ( .Z extension)  [old.. use gzip]

uncompress = [file] uncompress specified file
tar = Unix standard archive tool compression/uncompression [ looks like �filename.tar�]

- Has a maximum file size limit of 2GB

- Will instantly DIE if the archive as any ERRORs
> tar and compress a directory:   cd /some-dir; tar cvzf /tmp/newfile.tgz .

> uncompress a directory: 		tar xzvf /tmp/newfile.tgz
> copy a given directory to somewhere else:

cd /some-directory; tar cf - . | (cd /some-other-dir; tar xvf -)
cpio = Unix standard archive tool

- No maximum file size limit

- Can skip over files that have errors in the archive
> create a archive of a directory:	find /some-dir | cpio -ov -H crc > /tmp/newfile.cpio
uuto = Unix to Unix file transfer � uuto file.name user@system � using UUCP (very old)

> goes to the /usr/spool/uucppublic directory

uupick = validate public files
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File Permissions & system setup

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chmod = chmod [gus] [+-] [rwx] [file] - Change access privledges on specific

> files/dirs.

chown = chown[user:group] file - Change the ownership of a given file to a

given user and optionally, an given group

chgrp = chgrp [group] [file/dir] - Change the group permissions o
chacl = chacl user.% [+-=] [rwx] file - Allow other users access to a directory

chacl = chacl �user.% -rwx� `tty` = Denies a specific user WRITE or re-direction

writting to your tty.
chsh = chsh [username] [shell] - to change the initial shell upon login

chfn = chfn [username] - to change the stats / phone #s for the user
stty = change the aspects of the current terminal configuration

set = BASH - set local enviroment variables and general setup

- running set by itself will display the entire setup

setenv - KSH - set various environment varables

- running setenv by itself will display the entire setup
passwd = to change a password
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Text Editors

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textedit = Good X-windows based Linux text editor
vi = Unix standard visual editor
Vi operates in TWO modes: EDIT mode and COMMAND mode.  All editing

and related procedures are done in EDIT mode, where as all searches,

file saving and reading, etc are done in the COMMAND mode.
To enter the COMMAND mode, simply press the �ESC� key
Basic editor commands - These commands are given from the COMMAND mode to place

the editor into the desired EDITing mode.
NOTE: the following commands are CASE sensitive..
�i� = insert text

�I� = insert text in previous line

�r� = replace text

�R� = insert one character

�o� = insert new line below cursor

�O� = insert new line above cursor

�x� = delete one character

�dd� = delete one line

�d#d� = delete # of line(s)

�dw� = delete one word

�d#w� = delete # of word(s)
Undo Commands
�u� = Undo last keystroke

�U� = Resore current line to orginal state
Movement commands
�b� = Goto previous word

�w� = Goto next word

�^� = Goto the beginning of line

�0? = Goto the beginning of the column

�^f� = Page Down ( In command mode )

�^b� = Page Up   ( In command mode )

�1G� = First line in file

�G� = Last line in fil
Cut / Paste commands
�%yy� = Yank �%� number of lines onto the clipboard

�p� = Put clipboard after cursor

�P� = Put clipboard before cursor
Search / Replace
�/xxx � = Forward Search for �xxx� text string

�?xxx � = Reverse search for �xxx� text string
�/xxx/yyy[/g/c] � = Search for xxx and replace with yyy

= use /g for global changes

= use /c for confirm
globally search forwards / string search / command

�����������������

�:g/^V^M/d� = forward find and delete all LINES that have ^M

(carriage returns) in a text file

or

�:g/^V^M/s///g� = forward find and delete all ^M (carriage returns)

CHARACTERS in a text file

or

�

first line to last line SEARCH / search string / replace string / globally

������������������������

�:1,$s/^V^M//g� = forward find and delete all ^M (carriage returns)

CHARACTERS in a text file
globally search forwards / NOT string search / command

�����������������

�:v/^V^M/s///g� = find and delete ALL lines NOT containing ^M (carriage

returns) in a text file
Misc commands
�^g � = Print # of lines, file name, and percent

�=�   = Print number of lines in file

�.=�  = Print line number
Save / Exit
While in the ESCAPE mode, by hitting a �:�, you will see the �:� in the

lower left corner of your screen.  This tells Vi to prepare for an escape

command.
�:x� = to exit and save changes)

�:w� = Save but don�t exit

�:q!� = to exit but not save changes
Note: When using Vi, do not use the cursor keys to move around while in EDIT

mode.  You must first enter the COMMAND mode then use the cursor keys

else Vi might go nuts and change your document in un-desirable ways!
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Emacs = An advanced unix text editor  [ not very common ]
�Ctrl-x Ctrl-r� = read a file

�      �Ctrl-s� = save a file

�      �Ctrl-w� = save-as-file

�      �Ctrl-d� = delete line

�      �Ctrl-!� = shell to unix

�      �Cntl-z� = to suspend editing

�      �Ctrl-c� = Exit Emacs
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Display Formatters

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cat  = Display a given text file - much like TYPE of Ms-Dos

zcat = [file] {options} = compress/decompress file [ looks like �filename.Z�]

more = to display a file one screen at a time

less = like �more� but more complex and easier to use

> �cat myphonenumbers.txt | grep �822-�

zless = View GZiped text files with Less

wc   = tells how many lines words etc.  who | wc -l

head = display first line of a file

tail = display last line of a file

col = remove all escape sequences in a file
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Picture Viewers

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Xgif = Xgif [filename] to display a GIF file under X-Windows

xv = Picture viewer for X-terminals
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Printer Commands

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lp [file] = send the given file to the line printer

cansel = to stop a current lp job �cansel laser-245?

lpstat = get the current status of a printer {options}

> -o = to show all printing in queue
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System and hardware information

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dmesg = displays all the system bootup info including all hardware details
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System Users & Network connection info

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w = people logged and there processes

who = who is on the local machine

whois [user] = more verbose info on a specific user

uts = like �who� but more verbose form

ruptime [host]= show stats on remote systems

rwho [host]= who is on remote machines

u = just users names online

ftpwho = Who is using FTP services (linux)

finger [user] [@domain] = to tell specifics of user

>  -m = gives specifics on the given user

>  �finger @corpse.csuchico.edu� will show all users on CORPSe from any Unix

>     machine

logname = who is the current user

lastlogin [user] = to give the username of the last user on-line and their tty
nslookup = nslookup [host] - to determine the IP address of a given host

- host / dig - get additional host info via DNS
netstat = get detailed and techincal info on the network�s status

> try using �netstat -an�

lsof = get very detaiuled info on network daemons, port ports, etc.

> try using �lsof -N -i -p�

fuser = Find out what processes are blocking the umount of a given

file system
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Process Manipulation

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ps = a list of your current process

top = a list of processes running from lasrgest to smallest : updated real time
kill = to kill a hung or stray process

killall = to kill one or more processes by name

skill = Kill a group of processes
tload = displays a real-time text-based load monitor [Linux]

xload = displays a real-time X-windows load monitor

at = at [time] day] = run a specific command at a specific time

nice = to recongifure a process�s priority (as in no priority!)

snice = RE-prioritize a group of processes
^Z = Will stop your current process and return a process number

> when you stop a process this way, this process is stopped process ID #1

> The next process you stop this way will get stopped process ID #2

^T = Tell UNIX to respond to see if the system has hung
fg %# = Bring to the forground a specific stopped process �fg %1?

bg %# = Place a stopped process into a background processing state �bg %1?
meminfo = Nice X-window program showing free memory and sys load [Linux]

nohup = execute a command imune to HUPs with an increased priority

pstree = Display running process in a tree format showing dependancies [Linux]
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User specific files

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$home = enviroment variable containing the user�s home directory

> �cd $home� will place you in your root directory

.profile = BASH and KSH - where all of the user profile is - Much like a DOS machine�s

AUTOEXEC.BAT

.login = Similar to the .profile file but loaded FIRST

.plan = text file displayed when a user FINGERs your login ID

.cshrc = the setup file for a C shell [ like the autoexec.bat ]

.exrc = resource setup file for the EX and VI editors

.signature = file resource for appending a footer (signature) to all e-mails
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Remote Host Communication

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ssh - to log into various remote systems SECURELY

> ie. ssh dranch@liz.ecst.csuchico.edu

- All communications are fully encrypted

- SSH is a 100% replacement for TELNET but is secure
sftp - file transfer to remote systems SECURELY

> ie. sftp liz.ecst.csuchico.edu

- SFTP is a 100% replacement for FTP but is secure

- See below
telnet = to log into various remote systems

> ie. telnet liz.ecst.csuchico.edu

- All communications are transmitted in clear text
rlogin = rlogin [address] = logon to a remote host; similar to TELNET

- All communications are transmitted in clear text

- Uses insecure authentication methods
ftp = to tranfer files only between mainframes

- All communications are transmitted in clear text
> open [host]= to initalize a link; ie. �open liz.ecst.csuchico.edu�

> binary = set ftp to tranfer binary files. MUST be set for ANY binary file

> asc = set ftp to tranfer in ascii mode

> user = will create a new login for that system if you have a password

> get = to download a file to your local system

> mget = to download files in batch to local system

> put = to upload file(s) to the remote system from local system

> mput = to upload multiple files in batch

> prompt = turn off the file confirmation

> close = to disconnect from the remote mainframe

> bye = to exit FTP
NOTE: once a connection is established, if you don�t have passowrd

at the given HOST, you might be able to logon ANONYMOUSLY.

Once FTP connects to the remote host, follow these steps:
At the �login:� prompt, type �anonymous�

At the �password:� prompt, type �@�
> Some FTP sites have CHATTING going on within directories�

>       to add to the conversation, use �send | � �� �� for your message

>       to remove your new file conversation, use �del �� where the �

>       is the beginning of your message
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User Communication

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talk = talk [user@domain]  = visual chat system

>  the tty command is used when you wish to talk to a specific tty #

> �talk dranch@corpse.ecst.csuchico.edu�

ytalk = Just like TALK but allows multiple users
mesg [y/n] = turn on/off users access to directly write to your screen

> this will allow/deny users to �talk� with you
write = write [user] [tty] = send a message to a user anytime

hello = hello (user) much like write
tin = to read new news written by the sys admin about system specific info

- trn, pine, news, etc. are other news readers
pine = A nice GUI�ish text email and News reader with address books, etc.

mutt = A very powerful text email system

elm = elm [user@domain] = Visual e-mail system [ uses Vi as its editor

mailx = More intelligent version of mail

> �mailx dranch@corpse.ecst.csuchico  file �function.s�

mail = to send someone mail � mail [login] �
bitchx / ircii / irc

> Multichannel talk/chat application

> /list - get a list of all available channels

> /join #channel - Join a specific channel

- You must prefix the �#�

> /list #linux* - get a list of all #linux channels

> /leave #channel note - exit the channel leaving a little note

> /quit - quit IRC
> Some good IRC servers: irc1.cerf.net port 6667

> irc.law.emory.edu port 6667
Getting an anonymous e-mail site re-direction:
send e-mail to �nick@anon.penet.fi� with your desired alias

> ie. Butthead in the the subject field.  The remote system will mail you

> back with your new anonymous address and when anyone sends you mail at

> that site, it will automatically be forwarded to your normal mailing

> address.
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System I/O Protocals

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minicom = A �Telix� like DOS modem / serial port control program

cu = a command to access the modem directly
kermit = to u/l and d/l files

xmodem =  to u/l and d/l files

sz = sz [file] = Send specified file in ZMODEM

> -a converts UNIX-type text files into PC-type text files

> -b sends the desired file via binary ( no converting or altering )

rz = rz [file] = Receive specified file in ZMODEM

> -a converts PC carriage returns to UNIX returns

> -b sends the desired file via binary ( no converting or altering )
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System DISK Formatting

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format /dev/rfd096ds15 for a 1.2M, format /dev/rfd096ds9 for a 720K

format /dev/rctmini = to format a tape
superformat = Format floppies to high capacities [Linux]
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Misc. System Commands

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lastcomm = display users last commands used in reverse order

date = to display a date

cal = a calender

fortune = to get a fortune cookie

banner = Create large text [Create horizontal print banners for Linux]

sysvbanner = Create large text [Linux]
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Advanced System Commands

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strings = Find readable text in a executable file - excellent for finding

command-line options
strace program = traces a program as it runs to help troubleshoot

program problems, etc.
shutdown [-r | -h] now = shutdown and either REBOOT or POWER-OFF the machine

haltsys = to terminate the machine: Xenix
enable [tty] = to enable specific tty port

disable [tty] = to disable a specific tty port

lock = to reserve a terminal
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Programming Language Compliers

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cc = [*.c] = C compiler

pc = [*.p] = pascal compile

> -o  = rename the complied code to specified file

> -L  = Outputs compile errors to specific file

pmake - Maintain a C/C++ program�s dependancies
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System Syntax

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= to continue a command line on another line

; = to do multiple commands per line �;�

> = to redirect an output

>> = to add onto the end of another file

/etc/nodename
Setting the IP address of the various interfaces

echo �192.168.0.10? > /etc/hostname.hme0

echo �192.168.10.10? > /etc/hostname.ge0
Setting the netmasks for non-classful networks

echo �192.168.65.0 255.255.248.0? > /etc/inet/netmasks
Setting the domain:

echo �mynet.com� > /etc/defaultdomain
Setting the default gateway

echo �192.168.0.1? > /etc/defaultrouter
bringing up NIS/Autofs:

1. Add the NIS servers to /etc/hosts

2. cp /etc/nsswitch.nis /etc/nsswitch.conf

3. �domainname xyz� where �xyz� is the NIS domain

4. �ypinit -c� and enter in the NIS servers by NAME and not by IP

5. /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypbind

6. ypwhich

7. restart �rpc� and �autofs�

8. Copy all /etc/auto* files from NIS servers to /etc
Admintool - Solaris�s graphical system administration tool
To re-configure the machine: �sys-unconfig� from within Solaris
To bring the machine down to a boot �OK� prompt: �init 0?
If the machine has completely crashed, � + A�

will bring the machine to a boot prompt.

[Note:  this can damage your partitioning]
�
FOR WYSE-60 TERMINALS
to lock = echo �